CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
Filed with the secretary of state on
These rules take effectbecome
effective immediately uponafter filing with the secretary of
state unless adopted under section 33, 44, or 45a(9) of the administrative
procedures act of 1969, 1969 PA 306, MCL 24.233, 24.244, or 24.245a. Rules
adopted under these sections become effective 7 days after filing with the
secretary of state.
(By authority conferred on the director of the department of licensing
and regulatory affairslabor and economic opportunity by sections
14, 19, and 21 of the
Michigan occupational safety and health act,
1974 PA 154, MCL 408.1014, MCL 408.1019, and 408.1021, and Executive Reorganization Order Nos. 1996-2,
2003-1, 2008-4, and 2011-4,
and 2019-3, MCL, 445.2001, 445.2011, 445.2025, and 445.2030, and 125.1998)
R 408.42601 Scope, application, adoption, and availability of standards.
Rule 2601. (1) This part sets forth requirements to protect employees from the hazards associated with steel erection activities involved in the construction, alteration, or repair of single and multistory buildings, bridges, and other structures where steel erection occurs. The requirements of this part apply to employers engaged in steel erection unless otherwise specified. This part does not apply to electrical transmission towers, communication and broadcast towers, or tanks. Examples of structures where steel erection may occur, include, but are not limited to, the following:
(a) Single and multistory buildings.
(b) Systems-engineered metal buildings.
(c) Lift slab/tilt-up structures.
(d) Energy exploration structures.
(e) Energy production, transfer and storage structures, and facilities.
(f) Auditoriums.
(g) Malls.
(h) Amphitheaters.
(i) Stadiums.
(j) Power plants.
(k) Mills.
(l) Chemical process structures.
(m) Bridges.
(n) Trestles.
(o) Overpasses.
(p) Underpasses.
(q) Viaducts.
(r) Aqueducts.
(s) Aerospace facilities and structures.
(t) Radar and communication structures.
(u) Light towers
(v) Signage.
(w) Billboards.
(x) Scoreboards.
(y) Conveyor systems.
(z) Conveyor supports and related framing.
(aa) Stairways.
(bb) Stair towers.
(cc) Fire escapes.
(dd) Draft curtains.
(ee) Fire containment structures.
(ff) Monorails.
(gg) Aerialways.
(hh) Catwalks.
(ii) Curtain walls.
(jj) Window walls.
(kk) Store fronts.
(ll) Elevator fronts.
(mm) Entrances.
(nn) Skylights
(oo) Metal roofs.
(pp) Industrial structures.
(qq) Hi-bay structures.
(rr) Rail marine, and other transportation structures.
(ss) Sound barriers.
(tt) Water process and water containment structures.
(uu) Air and cable-supported structures.
(vv) Space frames.
(ww) Geodesic domes.
(xx) Canopies.
(yy) Racks and rack support structures and frames.
(zz) Platforms.
(aaa) Walkways.
(bbb) Balconies.
(ccc) Atriums.
(ddd) Penthouses.
(eee) Car dumpers.
(fff) Stackers/reclaimers.
(ggg) Cranes and craneways.
(hhh) Bins.
(iii) Hoppers.
(jjj) Ovens.
(kkk) Furnaces.
(lll) Stacks.
(mmm) Amusement park structures and rides.
(nnn) Artistic and monumental structures.
(2) Steel erection activities include all of the following:
(a) Hoisting, laying out, placing, connecting, welding, burning, guying, bracing, bolting, plumbing, and rigging structural steel, steel joists, and metal buildings.
(b) Installing metal decking, curtain walls, window walls, siding systems, miscellaneous metals, ornamental iron, and similar materials.
(c) Moving point-to-point while performing the activities specified in this subrule.
(3) All of the following activities are covered by this part when they occur during and are a part of steel erection activities:
(a) Rigging.
(b) Hoisting.
(c) Laying out.
(d) Placing.
(e) Connecting.
(f) Guying.
(g) Bracing.
(h) Dismantling.
(i) Burning.
(j) Welding.
(k) Bolting.
(l) Grinding.
(m) Sealing.
(n) Caulking.
(o) All related activities for construction, alteration or repair of materials and assemblies such as any of the following:
(i) Structural steel.
(ii) Ferrous metals and alloys.
(iii) Nonferrous metals and alloys.
(iv) Glass.
(v) Plastics and synthetic composite materials.
(vi) Structural metal framing and related bracing and assemblies.
(vii) Anchoring devices.
(viii) Structural cabling.
(ix) Cable stays.
(x) Permanent and temporary bents and towers.
(xi) Falsework for temporary supports of permanent steel members.
(xii) Stone and other non-precast concrete architectural materials mounted on steel frames.
(xiii) Safety systems for steel erection.
(xiv) Steel and metal joists.
(xv) Metal decking and raceway systems and accessories.
(xvi) Metal roofing and accessories.
(xvii) Metal siding.
(xviii) Bridge flooring.
(xix) Cold formed steel framing.
(xx) Elevator beams.
(xxi) Grillage.
(xxii) Shelf racks.
(xxiii) Multipurpose supports.
(xxiv) Crane rails and accessories.
(xxv) Miscellaneous, architectural, and ornamental metals and metal work.
(xxvi) Ladders.
(xxvii) Railings.
(xxviii) Handrails.
(xxix) Fences and gates.
(xxx) Gratings.
(xxxi) Trench covers.
(xxxii) Floor plates.
(xxxiii) Castings.
(xxxiv) Sheet metal fabrications.
(xxxv) Metal panels and panel wall systems.
(xxxvi) Louvers.
(xxxvii) Column covers.
(xxxviii) Enclosures and pockets.
(xxxix) Stairs.
(xl) Perforated metals.
(xli) Ornamental iron work.
(xlii) Expansion control, including bridge expansion joint assemblies.
(xliii) Slide bearings.
(xliv) Hydraulic structures.
(xlv) Fascias.
(xlvi) Soffit panels.
(xlvii) Penthouse enclosures.
(xlviii) Skylights.
(xlix) Joint fillers.
(l) Gaskets.
(li) Sealants and seals.
(lii) Doors.
(liii) Windows.
(liv) Hardware.
(lv) Detention/security equipment and doors, windows, and hardware.
(lvi) Conveying systems.
(lvii) Building specialties.
(lviii) Building equipment.
(lix) Machinery and plant equipment, furnishings, and special construction.
(4) The duties of controlling contractors under this part include, but are not limited to, the duties specified in R 408.42608(1) and (3), R 408.42626(6), R 408.42644(2), and R 408.42651(4).
(5) The federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations, 29 CFR 1926, Subpart R, “Steel erection,” as amended February 18, 2020, are adopted by reference in these rules, except for the following:
(a) 29 CFR 1926.753 is replaced with R 408.42609 and R 408.42610.
(b) 29 CFR 1926.761 is replaced with R 408.42655.
(6) A reference to 29 CFR 1926.502 means Construction Safety Standard Part 45. “Fall Protection.”
(7) The adopted federal regulations have the same force and effect as a rule promulgated under the Michigan occupational safety and health act, 1974 PA 154, MCL 408.1001 to 408.1094.
(8) The OSHA regulations adopted in these rules are available from the United States Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20210, or via the internet at www.OSHA.gov, at no charge, as of the time of adoption of these rules.
(9) The regulations adopted in these rules are available for inspection at the Department of Labor and Economic Opportunity, MIOSHA, Standards and FOIA Section, 530 West Allegan Street, P.O. Box 30643, Lansing, Michigan, 48909-8143.
(10) The regulations adopted by reference in these rules may be obtained from the publisher or may be obtained from the Department of Labor and Economic Opportunity, MIOSHA, Standards and FOIA Section, 530 West Allegan Street, P.O. Box 30643, Lansing, Michigan, 48909-8143.
(11) The following Michigan occupational safety and health administration (MIOSHA) standards are referenced in these rules. Up to 5 copies of the following Michigan occupational safety and health administrative standards that are referenced in this standard may be obtained at no charge from the Department of Labor and Economic Opportunity, FOIA and Standards Section, 530 West Allegan Street, P.O. Box 30643, Lansing, Michigan 48909-8143, or via the internet at: www.michigan.gov/mioshastandards., and for quantities greater than 5, the cost, at the time of adoption of these rules, is 4 cents per page:
(a) Construction Safety and Health Standard Part 10. “Cranes and Derricks,” R 408.41001 to R 408.41099a.
(b) Construction Safety Standards Part 28. “Personnel Hoisting in Steel Erection,” R 408.42801 to R 408.42809.
R 408.42602 Reference of standards Rescinded.
Rule 2602. (1) The
following occupational safety and health administrative standards are referenced in this standard. Up to 5
copies of these standards may be obtained at no charge from the Michigan
Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs MIOSHA Standards Section,
7150 Harris Drive, P.O. Box 30643, Lansing, Michigan 48909-8143, or via the
internet at: www.michigan.gov/mioshastandards. For quantities
greater than 5, the cost, at the time of adoption of these rules, is 4 cents
per page.
(a) Construction Safety
Standard Part 10. “Lifting and Digging EquipmentCranes and Derricks,” R 408.41001a to R 408.41099a.
(b) Construction Safety Standard Part 28. “Personnel Hoisting in Steel
Erection,” R 408.42801 to R 408.42809.
(c) Construction Safety Standard Part 45. “Fall Protection,” R 408.44501 to R 408.44502.
R
408.42604 Definitions; A to C Rescinded.
Rule 2604. (1) “Anchored bridging” means that the steel joist bridging is
connected to a bridging terminus point.
(2) “Bolted diagonal bridging” means diagonal bridging that is bolted to a
steel joist or joists.
(3) “Bridging clip” means a device that is attached to the steel joist to
allow the bolting of the bridging to the steel joist.
(4) “Bridging terminus point” means a wall, a beam, tandem joists, with all
bridging installed and a horizontal truss in the plane of the top chord, or
other element at an end or intermediate point or points of a line of bridging
that provides an anchor point for the steel joist bridging.
(5) “Choker” means a wire rope or synthetic fiber rigging assembly that is
used to attach a load to a hoisting device.
(6) “Cold forming” means the process of using press brakes, rolls, or other
methods to shape steel into desired cross sections at room temperature.
(7) “Column” means a load-carrying vertical member that is part of the primary
skeletal framing system. Columns do not include posts.
(8) “Competent person” means a person who is experienced and capable of
identifying an existing or potential hazard in surroundings, or under working
conditions, that are hazardous or dangerous to an employee and who has the
authority and knowledge to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate the
hazards.
(9) “Connector” means an employee who, working with hoisting equipment, is
placing and connecting structural members or components.
(10) “Constructibility” means the ability to erect structural steel members in
accordance with these rules without having to alter the overall structural
design.
(11) “Construction load, for joist erection,” means any load other than the
weight of the employee or employees, the joists, and the bridging bundle.
(12) “Controlled decking zone (CDZ)” means an area in which certain work, for
example, initial installation and placement of metal decking, may take place
without
the
use of guardrail systems, personal fall arrest systems, fall restraint systems,
or safety net systems and in which access to the zone is controlled.
(13) “Controlled load lowering” means lowering a load by means of a mechanical
hoist drum device that allows a hoisted load to be lowered with maximum control
using the gear train or hydraulic components of the hoist mechanism. Controlled
load lowering requires the use of the hoist drive motor, rather than the load
hoist brake, to lower the load.
(14) “Controlling contractor” means a prime contractor, general contractor,
construction manager, or any other legal entity that has the overall
responsibility for the construction of the project—its planning, quality, and
completion.
(15) “Critical lift” means a lift that exceeds 75% of the rated capacity of
the crane or derrick or that requires the use of more than 1 crane or derrick.
R
408.42605 Definitions; D to M Rescinded.
Rule 2605. (1) “Decking hole” means a gap or void more than 2 inches (5.1 cm)
in its least dimension and less than 12 inches (30.5 cm) in its greatest
dimension in a floor, roof, or other walking/working surface. Pre-engineered
holes in cellular decking for wires, cables, and the like are not included in
this definition.
(2) “Derrick floor” means an elevated floor of a building or structure that
has been designated to receive hoisted pieces of steel before final placement.
(3) “Double connection” means an attachment method where the connection point
is intended for 2 pieces of steel that share common bolts on either side of a
central piece.
(4) “Double connection seat” means a structural attachment that, during the
installation of a double connection, supports the first member while the second
member is connected.
(5) “Erection bridging” means the bolted diagonal bridging that is required to
be installed before releasing the hoisting cables from the steel joists.
(6) “Fall restraint system” means a fall protection system that prevents the
user from falling any distance. The system is comprised of either a body belt
or body harness, together with an anchorage, connectors, and other necessary
equipment. The other components typically include a lanyard, and may also
include a lifeline and other devices.
(7) “Final interior perimeter” means the perimeter of a large permanent open
space within a building such as an atrium or courtyard. This does not include
openings for stairways, elevator shafts, and the like.
(8) “Girt, in systems-engineered metal buildings” means a “Z” or “C” shaped
member formed from sheet steel spanning between primary framing and supporting
wall material.
(9) “Headache ball” means a solid iron weight, usually spherical, used to keep
the loadline taut and positioned above the hook.
(10) “Hoisting equipment” means commercially manufactured lifting equipment
designed to lift and position a load of known weight to a location at some
known elevation and horizontal distance from the equipment’s center of
rotation. “Hoisting equipment” includes, but is not limited to, all of the
following:
(a) Cranes.
(b) Derricks.
(c) Tower cranes.
(d) Barge-mounted derricks or cranes.
(e) Gin poles.
(f) Gantry hoist systems.
A
“come-a-long,” that is, a mechanical device, usually consisting of a chain or
cable attached at each end, that is used to facilitate movement of materials
through leverage is not considered “hoisting equipment.”
(11) “Leading edge” means the unprotected side and edge of a floor, roof, or
formwork for a floor or other walking/working surface, such as a deck, which
changes location as additional floor, roof, decking, or formwork sections are
placed, formed, or constructed.
(12) “Metal decking” means a commercially manufactured, structural grade,
cold- rolled metal panel formed into a series of parallel ribs. As used in this
part, the term includes metal floor and roof decks, standing seam metal roofs,
other metal roof systems, and other products, such as bar gratings, checker
plate, expanded metal panels, and similar products. After installation and
proper fastening, these decking materials serve a combination of functions,
including, but not limited to, any of the following:
(a) A structural element designed in combination with the structure to resist,
distribute, and transfer loads, stiffen the structure, and provide a diaphragm
action.
(b) A walking/working surface.
(c) A form for concrete slabs.
(d) A support for roofing systems.
(e) A finished floor or roof.
(13) “Multiple lift rigging” means a rigging assembly manufactured by wire
rope rigging suppliers that facilitates the attachment of up to 5 independent
loads to the hoist rigging of a crane.
R
408.42606 Definitions; O to U Rescinded.
Rule 2606. (1) “Opening” means a gap or void 12 inches (30.5 cm) or more in its
least dimension in a floor, roof, or other walking/working surface. For the
purposes of this part, skylights and smoke domes that do not meet the strength
requirements of R 408.42622(4), (5), (6), and (7) shall be regarded as
openings.
(2) “Permanent floor” means a structurally completed floor at any level or
elevation, including slab on grade.
(3) “Personal fall arrest system” means a system used to arrest an employee in
a fall from a working level. A personal fall arrest system consists of an
anchorage, connectors, a body harness, and may include a lanyard, deceleration
device, lifeline, or suitable combination of these. The use of a body belt for
fall arrest is prohibited.
(4) “Plumbing up” means securing to obtain vertical alignment.
(5) “Positioning device system” means a body belt or body harness rigged to
allow an employee to be supported on an elevated, vertical surface, such as a
wall or column, and work with both hands free while leaning.
(6) “Post” means a structural member which has a longitudinal axis that is
essentially vertical, and which either weighs 300 pounds or less and is axially
loaded (a load presses down on the top end) or is not axially loaded, but is
laterally restrained by the above member. Posts typically support stair
landings, wall framing, mezzanines, and other substructures.
(7) “Project structural engineer of record” means the registered, licensed
professional who is responsible for the design of structural steel framing and
whose seal appears on the structural contract documents.
(8) “Purlin, in systems-engineered metal buildings,” means a “Z” or “C” shaped
member formed from sheet steel spanning between primary framing and supporting
roof material.
(9) “Qualified person” means an individual who, by possession of a recognized
degree, certificate, or professional standing or by extensive knowledge,
training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or
resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project.
(10) “Safety deck attachment” means an initial attachment that is used to
secure an initially placed sheet of decking to keep proper alignment and
bearing with structural support members.
(11) “Shear connector” means headed steel studs, steel bars, steel lugs, and
similar devices that are attached to a structural member for the purpose of
achieving composite action with concrete.
(12)
“Steel erection” means the construction, alteration, or repair of steel
buildings, bridges, and other structures, including the installation of metal
decking and all planking used during the process of erection.
(13) “Steel joist” means an open web, secondary load-carrying member which is
144 feet (43.9 m) or less, which is designed by the manufacturer, and which is
used for the support of floors and roofs. This does not include structural
steel trusses or cold-formed joists.
(14) “Steel joist girder” means an open web, primary load-carrying member
which is designed by the manufacturer and which is used for the support of
floors and roofs. The term does not include structural steel trusses.
(15) “Steel truss” means an open web member designed of structural steel
components by the project structural engineer of record. For the purposes of
this part, a steel truss is considered equivalent to a solid web structural
member.
(16) “Structural steel” means a steel member or a member made of a substitute
material, such as, but not limited to, fiberglass, aluminum, or composite
members. These members include, but are not limited to all of the following
that are integrated with the structural steel framing of a building:
(a) Steel joists.
(b) Joist girders.
(c) Purlins.
(d) Columns.
(e) Beams.
(f) Trusses.
(g) Splices.
(h) Seats.
(i) Metal decking.
(j) Girts.
(k) Bridging.
(l) Cold-formed metal framing.
(17) “Systems-engineered metal building” means a metal, field- assembled
building system consisting of framing, roof, and wall coverings. Typically,
many of these components are cold-formed shapes. These individual parts are
fabricated in 1 or more manufacturing facilities and shipped to the jobsite for
assembly into the final structure. The engineering design of the system is
normally the responsibility of the systems-engineered metal building
manufacturer.
(18) “Tank” means a container for holding gases, liquids, or solids.
(19) “Unprotected sides and edges” means any side or edge, except at entrances
to points of access, of a walking/working surface, for example, a floor, roof,
ramp, or runway, where there is no wall or guardrail system not less than 39
inches (1.0 m) high.
R
408.42608 Site layout, erection plan, and construction sequence Rescinded.
Rule 2608. (1) Before authorizing the commencement of steel erection, the
controlling contractor shall ensure that the steel erector is provided with the
following written notifications:
(a) The concrete in the footings, piers, and walls and the mortar in the
masonry piers and walls has attained, on the basis of an appropriate ASTM
standard test method of field-cured samples, either 75% of the intended minimum
compressive design strength or sufficient strength to support the loads imposed
during steel erection.
(b) Any repairs, replacements, and modifications to the anchor bolts were
conducted in accordance with R 408.42626(5) and (6).
(2) A steel erection contractor shall not erect steel unless it has received
written notification that the concrete in the footings, piers, and walls or the
mortar in the masonry piers and walls has attained, on the basis of an
appropriate ASTM standard test method of field-cured samples, either 75% of the
intended minimum compressive design strength or sufficient strength to support
the loads imposed during steel erection.
(3) The controlling contractor shall ensure that both of the following are
provided and maintained:
(a) Adequate access roads into and through the site for the safe delivery and
movement of derricks, cranes, trucks, other necessary equipment, and the
material to be erected and means and methods for pedestrian and vehicular
control. However, this requirement does not apply to roads outside of the
construction site.
(b) A firm, properly graded, drained area which is readily accessible to the
work and which has adequate space for the safe storage of materials and the
safe operation of the erector’s equipment.
(4) All hoisting operations in steel erection shall be preplanned to ensure
that the requirements of R 408.42609(5) and (6) are met.
(5)
If an employer elects, due to conditions specific to the site, to develop
alternate means and methods that provide employee protection in accordance with R 408.42609(4), R 408.42634(4),
or R 408.42638(4), then a site-specific erection plan shall be developed by a
qualified person and be available at the work site. Guidelines for establishing
a site-specific erection plan are contained in appendix A.
R 408.42609. Hoisting and rigging.
Rule 2609. (1) All the
provisions of Construction Safety and Health Standard Part 10. “Lifting
and Digging EquipmentCranes and Derricks,” as referenced in R
408.42602R 408.42601 apply to hoisting and rigging.
(2) The headache ball, hook or load shall not be used to transport personnel except as provided in subrule (3) of this rule.
(3) Cranes or derricks may be used to hoist employees when work under this rule is being conducted, provided either of the following provisions is met:
(a) All of the
requirements of the Construction Safety and Health Standard Part 10.
“Lifting and Digging EquipmentCranes and Derricks,” R 408.41021aR
408.41001, except for R 408.41021aR 408.41001(1), as referenced in R 408.42602R 408.42601.
(b) All of the requirements
of the Construction Safety Standards Part 28. “Personnel Hoisting
in Steel Erection,” as referenced in R 408.42602R 408.42601.
(4) Safety latches on hooks shall not be deactivated or made inoperable, except in either of the following situations:
(a) When a qualified rigger has determined that the hoisting and placing of purlins and single joists can be performed more safely by doing so.
(b) When equivalent protection is provided in a site-specific erection plan.
(5) Routes for suspended loads shall be preplanned to ensure that no employee is required to work directly below a suspended load, except for the following employees:
(a) Employees engaged in the initial connection of the steel.
(b) Employees necessary for the hooking or unhooking of the load.
(6) When working under suspended loads, all of the following criteria shall be met:
(a) Materials being hoisted shall be rigged to prevent unintentional displacement.
(b) Hooks with self-closing safety latches or their equivalent shall be used to prevent components from slipping out of the hook.
(c) All loads shall be rigged by a qualified rigger.
R
408.42614 Structural steel assembly Rescinded.
Rule 2614. (1) Structural stability shall be maintained at all times during the
erection process.
Note to subrule (1): Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) regulations
incorporate by reference a number of standards, policies, and standard
specifications published by the American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and other organizations. (See 23 CFR 625.4).
Many of these incorporated provisions may be relevant to maintaining structural
stability during the erection process. For instance, as of May 17, 2010, in
many cases FHWA requires a Registered Engineer to prepare and seal working
drawings for falsework used in highway bridge construction. (See AASHTO
Specifications for Highway Bridges, Div. II, § 3.2.1, 15th edition, 1992, which
FHWA incorporates by reference in 23 CFR 625.4). FHWA also encourages
compliance with AASHTO Specifications that the FHWA regulations do not
currently incorporate by reference. (See http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ bridge/lrfd/index.htm.)
(2) All of the following additional requirements shall apply for multistory
structures:
(a) The permanent floors shall be installed as the erection of structural
members progresses, and there shall be not more than 8 stories between the
erection floor and the uppermost permanent floor, except where the structural
integrity is maintained as a result of the design.
(b)
There shall not be more than 4 floors or 48 feet (14.6 m), whichever is less,
of unfinished bolting or welding above the foundation or uppermost permanently
secured floor, except where the structural integrity is maintained as a result
of the design.
(c)
A fully planked or decked floor or nets shall be maintained within 2 stories or
30 feet (9.1 m), whichever is less, directly under any erection work being
performed.
R 408.42616 Walking and
working surfacesRescinded.
Rule 2616. (1) Shear
connectors, such as headed steel studs, steel bars, or steel lugs, reinforcing
bars, deformed anchors, or threaded studs shall not be attached to the top flanges of
beams, joists, or beam attachments so that
they project vertically from or horizontally across the top flange of the
member until after the metal decking or other
walking/working surface has been installed.
(2) If shear connectors
are used in the construction of composite floors, roofs, and bridge decks, then
employees shall lay out and install the shear connectors after the metal decking
has been installed, using the metal decking as a working platform. Shear connectors shall not be installed from within a controlled decking zone
(CDZ), as specified in R 408.42648(1)(g).
(3) Slip resistance of
skeletal structural steel. Workers shall not be permitted to walk the top surface of
any structural steel member installed
after July 18, 2006, that has been coated with
paint or similar
material, unless documentation or certification that the coating has
achieved a minimum average slip resistance of .50 when measured with an English
XL tribometer or equivalent tester on a wetted surface at a testing laboratory
is provided. Such documentation or certification shall be based on the appropriate ASTM standard test method conducted by a laboratory capable of performing the test. The results
shall be available at the site and to the steel erector. Appendix B references
appropriate ASTM standard test methods that may be used to comply with this
subrule.
R 408.42618 Plumbing-up Rescinded.
Rule 2618. (1)
Turnbuckles and other apparatus used in plumbing up shall be accessible to the
employees for adjustment and dismantling. Connections of the equipment used in
plumbing up shall be secured. The turnbuckles shall be secured to prevent unwinding
while under stress.
(2) When deemed
necessary by a competent person, plumbing-up equipment shall be installed in
conjunction with the steel erection process to ensure the stability of the
structure.
(3) When used,
plumbing-up equipment shall be in place and properly installed before the
structure is loaded with construction material such as loads of joists, bundles
of decking, or bundles of bridging.
(4) Plumbing-up
equipment shall be removed only with the approval of a competent person.
R 408.42620 Metal decking
and decking bundles Rescinded.
Rule 2620. (1) Bundle
packaging and strapping shall not be used for hoisting unless specifically
designed for that purpose.
(2) If loose items such
as dunnage, flashing, or other materials are placed on the top of metal decking
bundles to be hoisted, such items shall be secured to the bundles.
(3) Bundles of metal
decking on joists shall be landed in accordance with R 408.42638(4).
(4) Metal decking
bundles shall be landed on framing members so that enough support is provided
to allow the bundles to be unbanded without dislodging the bundles from the
supports.
(5) At the end of the
shift or when environmental or jobsite conditions require, metal decking shall
be secured against displacement.
R 408.42622 Roof, holes
and openings Rescinded.
Rule 2622. (1) Framed
metal deck openings shall have structural members turned down to allow
continuous deck installation, except where not allowed by structural design
constraints or onstructability.
(2) Roof and floor
holes and openings shall be decked over. If hole or opening size,
configuration, or other structural design does not allow openings to be decked
over, such as with elevator shafts, stair wells, and the like, then employees
shall be protected in accordance with R 408.42645(1).
(3) Metal decking holes
and openings shall not be cut until immediately before being permanently filled
with the equipment or structure needed or intended to fulfill its specific use
and which meets the strength requirements of R 408.42622(4), (5), (6), and (7)
or shall be immediately covered.
(4) Covers for roof and
floor openings shall be capable of supporting, without failure, twice the
weight of the employees, equipment, and materials that may be imposed on the
cover at any one time.
(5) All covers shall be
secured when installed to prevent accidental displacement by the wind,
equipment, or employees.
(6) All covers shall be
painted with high-visibility paint or shall be marked with the word “hole” or “cover”
to provide warning of the hazard.
(7) Smoke dome or
skylight fixtures that have been installed are not considered covers for the
purpose of this rule unless they meet the strength requirements of subrule (4)
of this rule.
(8) Decking gaps around
columns. Wire mesh, exterior plywood, or the equivalent, shall be installed
around columns where planks or metal decking do not fit tightly. The materials
used shall be of sufficient strength to provide fall protection for personnel
and prevent objects from falling through.
R 408.42626 Column
anchorage, erection stability, repair, replacement, and anchor rods (anchor
bolts) Rescinded.
Rule 2626. (1) All
columns shall be anchored by a minimum of 4 anchor rods (anchor bolts).
(2) Each column anchor
rod, or anchor bolt assembly, including the column-to-base plate weld and the
column foundation, shall be designed to resist a minimum eccentric gravity load
of 300 pounds (136.2 kg) located 18 inches (.46 m) from the extreme outer face
of the column in each direction at the top of the column shaft.
(3) Columns shall be
set on level finished floors, pre-grouted leveling plates, leveling nuts, or
shim packs that are adequate to transfer the construction loads.
(4) All columns shall
be evaluated by a competent person to determine whether guying or bracing is
needed. If guying or bracing is needed, then the employer shall have it
installed.
(5) Anchor rods (anchor
bolts) shall not be repaired, replaced, or field-modified without the approval
of the project structural engineer of record.
(6) Before the erection
of a column, the controlling contractor shall provide written notification to
the steel erector if there has been any repair, replacement, or modification
of the anchor rods, or
anchor bolts, of that column.
R 408.42628 Beams and
columns; diagonal bracing; column splices; perimeter columns Rescinded.
Rule 2628. (1) During
the final placing of solid web structural members, the load shall not be
released from the hoisting line until the members are secured with not less than
2 bolts per connection, of the same size and strength as shown in the erection
drawings, drawn up wrench-tight or the equivalent as specified by the project
structural engineer of record, except as specified in subrule (3) of this rule.
(2) A competent person
shall determine if more than 2 bolts are necessary to ensure the stability of
cantilevered members; if additional bolts are needed, they shall be installed.
(3) Solid web
structural members used as diagonal bracing shall be secured by at least 1 bolt
per connection drawn up wrench-tight or the equivalent as specified by the
project structural engineer of record.
(4) Each column splice
shall be designed to resist a minimum eccentric gravity load of 300 pounds
(136.2 kg) located 18 inches (.46 m) from the extreme outer face of the column
in each direction at the top of the column shaft.
(5) Perimeter columns
shall not be erected unless both of the following provisions are satisfied:
(a) The perimeter
columns extend a minimum of 48 inches (1.2 m) above the finished floor to
permit installation of perimeter safety cables before erection of the next
tier, except where constructability does not allow. (See appendix F)
(b) The perimeter
columns have holes or other devices in or attached to perimeter columns at 42
to 45 inches (107-114 cm) above the finished floor and the midpoint between the
finished floor and the top cable to permit installation of perimeter safety
cables required by R 408.42645(2), except where constructibility does not
allow. (See appendix F)
R 408.42629 Double
connections Rescinded.
Rule 2629. (1) If 2
structural members on opposite sides of a column web, or a beam web over a
column, are connected sharing common connection holes, then at least 1 bolt
with its wrench-tight nut shall remain connected to the first member unless a
shop- attached or field-attached seat or equivalent connection device is
supplied with the member to secure the first member and prevent the column from
being displaced (see appendix H for examples of equivalent connection devices).
(2) If a seat or
equivalent device is used, then the seat, or device, shall be designed to
support the load during the double connection process. The seat or equivalent
device shall be adequately bolted or welded to both a supporting member and the
first member before the nuts on the shared bolts are removed to make the double
connection.
R 408.42634 Open web
joists; field-bolted joists Rescinded.
Rule 2634. (1) Except as
provided in subrule (2) of this rule, where steel joists are used and columns
are not framed in at least 2 directions with solid web structural steel
members, a steel joist shall be field-bolted at the column to provide lateral stability
to the column during erection. For the installation of this joist all of the
following provisions apply:
(a) A vertical
stabilizer plate shall be provided on each column for steel joists. The plate
shall be a minimum of 6 inches by 6 inches (152 mm by 152 mm) and shall extend
not less than 3 inches (76 mm) below the bottom chord of the joist with a
13/16-inch (21 mm) hole to provide an attachment point for guying or plumbing
cables.
(b) The bottom chords
of steel joists at columns shall be stabilized to prevent rotation during
erection.
(c) Hoisting cables
shall not be released until the seat at each end of the steel joist is
field-bolted, and each end of the bottom chord is restrained by the column
stabilizer plate.
(2) If constructability
does not allow a steel joist to be installed at the column, then both of the
following provisions apply:
(a) An alternate
means of stabilizing joists shall be installed on both sides near the column
and the alternate means shall satisfy all of the following provisions:
(i) Provide
stability equivalent to subrule (1) of this rule.
(ii) Be designed by
a qualified person.
(iii) Be
shop-installed.
(iv) Be included in
the erection drawings.
(b) Hoisting cables
shall not be released until the seat at each end of the steel joist is
field-bolted and the joist is stabilized.
(3) If steel joists at
or near columns span 60 feet (18.3 m) or less, then the joist shall be designed
with sufficient strength to allow 1 employee to release the hoisting cable
without the need for erection bridging.
(4) If steel joists at
or near columns span more than 60 feet (18.3 m), then the joists shall be set
in tandem with all bridging installed, unless an alternative method of erection,
which provides equivalent stability to the steel joist, is designed by a
qualified person and is included in the site-specific erection plan.
(5) A steel joist or
steel joist girder shall not be placed on any support structure unless the
structure is stabilized.
(6) If steel joists are
landed on a structure, then they shall be secured to prevent unintentional
displacement before installation.
(7) A modification that
affects the strength of a steel joist or steel joist girder shall not be made
without the approval of the project structural engineer of record.
(8) Both of the
following provisions apply to field-bolted joists:
(a) Except for steel
joists that have been preassembled into panels, connections of individual steel
joists to steel structures in bays of 40 feet (12.2 m) or more shall be
fabricated to allow for field-bolting during erection.
(b) The connections
specified in subdivision (a) of this subrule shall be field-bolted unless
constructability does not allow.
(9) Steel joists and
steel joist girders shall not be used as anchorage points for a fall arrest
system unless written approval to do so is obtained from a qualified person.
(10) A bridging
terminus point shall be established before bridging is installed. (See appendix
C)
R 408.42636 Steel joists;
attachment; erection Rescinded.
Rule 2636. (1) Each end
of "K" series steel joists shall be attached to the support structure
with a minimum of 2 1/8-inch (3 mm) fillet welds 1 inch (25 mm) long or with 2
1/2-inch (13 mm) bolts, or the equivalent.
(2) Each end of
"LH" and "DLH" series steel joists and steel joist girders
shall be attached to the support structure with a minimum of 2 1/4-inch (6 mm)
fillet welds 2 inches (51 mm) long, or with 2 3/4-inch (19 mm) bolts, or the
equivalent.
(3) Except as provided
in subrule (4) of this rule, each steel joist shall be attached to the support
structure, at least at 1 end on both sides of the seat, immediately upon
placement in the final erection position and before additional joists are
placed.
(4) Panels that have
been preassembled from steel joists with bridging shall be attached to the
structure at each corner before the hoisting cables are released.
(5) Both sides of the
seat of 1 end of each steel joist that requires bridging under tables A and B
shall be attached to the support structure before hoisting cables are released.
(6) For joists that are
more than 60 feet long, both ends of the joist shall be attached as specified
in this rule before the hoisting cables are released.
(7) On steel joists
that do not require erection bridging under tables A and B, only 1 employee
shall be allowed on the joist until all bridging is installed and anchored.
Tables A and B read as follows:
Table A–Erection Bridging
for Short Span Joists
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NM = Not Mandatory
Table B–Erection Bridging
for Long Span Joists
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NM = Not Mandatory
(8) Employees shall not
be allowed on steel joists where the span of the steel joist is equal to or
greater than the span shown in tables A and B, except in accordance with
subrules (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), and (15) of this rule.
(9) When permanent
bridging terminus points cannot be used during erection, additional temporary
bridging terminus points are required to provide stability. (See appendix C)
(10) If the span of the
steel joist is equal to or greater than the span shown in tables A and B, then
all of the following provisions shall apply:
(a) A row of bolted
diagonal erection bridging shall be installed near the midspan of the steel
joist.
(b) Hoisting cables
shall not be released until the bolted diagonal erection bridging specified in
subdivision (a) of this subrule is installed and anchored.
(c) Not more than 1
employee shall be allowed on spans of steel joist that is equal to or greater
than the span shown in tables A and B, until all other bridging is installed
and anchored.
(11) If the span of the
steel joist is not less than 60 feet (18.3 m) and not more than 100 feet (30.5
m), then all of the following provisions shall apply:
(a) All rows of
bridging shall be bolted diagonal bridging.
(b) Two rows of
bolted diagonal erection bridging shall be installed near the third points of
the steel joist.
(c) Hoisting cables
shall not be released until bolted diagonal erection bridging is installed and
anchored.
(d) Not more than 2
employees shall be allowed on spans of steel joist not less than 60 feet and
not more than 100 feet until all other bridging is installed and anchored.
(12) If the span of the
steel joist is not less than 100 feet (30.5 m) and not more than 144 feet (43.9
m), then all of the following provisions shall apply:
(a) All rows of
bridging shall be bolted diagonal bridging.
(b) Hoisting cables
shall not be released until all bridging is installed and anchored.
(c) Not more than 2
employees shall be allowed on spans of steel joist that are not less than 100
feet and not more than 144 feet until all bridging is installed and anchored.
(13) For steel members
spanning more than 144 feet (43.9 m), the erection methods used shall be in
accordance with R 408.42628 and R 408.42629.
(14) If any steel joist
specified in subrules (6), (10), (11), and (12) of this rule is a bottom chord
bearing joist, then a row of bolted diagonal bridging shall be provided near
the supports. The bridging shall be installed and anchored before the hoisting
cables are released.
(15) If bolted diagonal
erection bridging is required by this rule, then all the following provisions
shall apply:
(a) The bridging
shall be indicated on the erection drawing.
(b) The erection
drawing shall be the exclusive indicator of the proper placement of the
bridging.
(c) Shop-installed
bridging clips, or functional equivalents, shall be used where the bridging
bolts to the steel joists.
(d) If 2 pieces of
bridging are attached to the steel joist by a common bolt, then the nut that
secures the first piece of bridging shall not be removed from the bolt for the
attachment of the second.
(e) Bridging
attachments shall not protrude above the top chord of the steel joist.
R 408.42638 Landing and
placing loads Rescinded.
Rule 2638. (1) During
the construction period, an employer placing a load on steel joists shall
ensure that the load is distributed so as not to exceed the carrying capacity
of any steel joist.
(2) Except for subrule
(4) of this rule, a construction load is not allowed on the steel joists until
all bridging is installed and anchored and all joist-bearing ends are attached.
(3) The weight of a
bundle of joist bridging is not more than a total of 1,000 pounds (454 kg). A
bundle of joist bridging shall be placed on a minimum of 3 steel joists that
are secured at 1 end. The edge of the bridging bundle shall be positioned
within 1 foot (.30 m) of the secured end.
(4) A bundle of decking
shall not be placed on steel joists until all bridging has been installed and
anchored and all joist bearing ends attached, unless all of the following
conditions are met:
(a) The employer has
first determined from a qualified person and documented in a site-specific
erection plan that the structure or portion of the structure is capable of
supporting the load.
(b) The bundle of
decking is placed on a minimum of 3 steel joists.
(c) The joists
supporting the bundle of decking are attached at both ends.
(d) At least 1 row of
bridging is installed and anchored.
(e) The total weight
of the bundle of decking is not more than 4,000 pounds (1816 kg).
(f) Placement of the
bundle of decking shall be in accordance with subrule (5) of this rule.
(5) The edge of the
construction load shall be placed within 1 foot (.30 m) of the bearing surface
of the joist end.
R 408.42640 Installation
of metal decking Rescinded.
Rule 2640. (1) Except as
provided in R 408.42648(1), metal decking shall be laid tightly and immediately
secured upon placement to prevent accidental movement or displacement.
(2) During initial
placement, metal decking panels shall be placed to ensure full support by
structural members.
(3) Derrick floors. A
derrick floor shall be fully decked or planked and the steel member connections
completed to support the intended floor loading.
(4) Temporary loads
placed on a derrick floor shall be distributed over the underlying support
members so as to prevent local overloading of the deck material.
(5) Temporary flooring
shall comply with all of the following provisions:
(a) Consist of either
wood planking which is not less than 2 inches thick, undressed, full size or
metal decking or grating of equivalent strength.
(b) Cover the entire
area, except for access openings.
(c) Be secured
against displacement.
(d) Be capable of
carrying the maximum intended working load.
(6) Planking of
temporary floors shall comply with both of the following provisions:
(a) Extend beyond an
end bearer not less than 6 inches nor more than 12 inches.
(b) Overlap any
intermediate bearer by a minimum of 12 inches. (See figure 1.) Figure 1 reads
as follows:
Figure for 408.42640
![]() |
(7) When gathering and
stacking temporary floor planks, the planks shall be removed successively,
working toward the last panel of the temporary floor so that the work is always
done from the planked floor.
(8) When gathering and
stacking temporary floor planks from the last panel, employees assigned to such
work shall be protected as specified in R 408.42645.
R 408.42643
Systems-engineered metal buildings Rescinded.
Rule 2643. (1) All of
the requirements of this part apply to the erection of systems engineered metal
buildings, except for R 408.42626, R 408.42634, R 408.42636, and R 408.42638.
(2) Each structural
column shall be anchored by a minimum of 4 anchor rods, or anchor bolts.
(3) Rigid frames shall
have 50% of their bolts or the number of bolts specified by the manufacturer,
whichever is greater, installed and tightened on both sides of the web adjacent
to each flange before the hoisting equipment is released.
(4) Construction loads
shall not be placed on any structural steel framework unless the framework is
safely bolted, welded, or otherwise adequately secured.
(5) In girt and eave
strut-to-frame connections, when girts or eave struts share common connection
holes, at least 1 bolt with its wrench-tight nut shall remain connected to the
first member unless a manufacturer-supplied, field-attached seat or similar
connection device is present to secure the first member so that the girt or
eave strut is always secured against displacement.
(6) Both ends of all
steel joists or cold-formed joists shall be fully bolted or welded to the
support structure before any of the following:
(a) Releasing the
hoisting cables.
(b) Allowing an
employee on the joists.
(c) Allowing any construction
loads on the joists.
(7) Purlins and girts
shall not be used as an anchorage point for a fall arrest system unless written
approval is obtained from a qualified person.
(8) Purlins may only be
used as a walking/working surface when installing safety systems, after all
permanent bridging has been installed and fall protection is provided.
(9) Construction loads
may be placed only within a zone that is within 8 feet (2.5 m) of the
centerline of the primary support member.
R 408.42644 Falling object
protection Rescinded.
Rule 2644. (1) Securing
loose items aloft. All materials, equipment, and tools that are not in use
while aloft shall be secured against accidental displacement.
(2) Protection from
falling objects other than materials being hoisted. The controlling contractor
shall bar other construction processes below steel erection unless overhead
protection for the employees below is provided.
R 408.42645 Fall
protection Rescinded.
Rule 2645. (1) Except as
provided by subrule (3) of this rule, each employee engaged in a steel erection
activity who is on a walking/working surface with an unprotected side or edge
more than 15 feet (4.6 m) above a lower level shall be protected from fall
hazards by guardrail systems, safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems,
positioning device systems, or fall restraint systems.
(2) Perimeter safety
cables. On multistory structures, perimeter safety cables shall be installed at
the final interior and exterior perimeters of the floors as soon as the metal
decking has been installed.
(3) Connectors and
employees working in controlled decking zones shall be protected from fall
hazards as provided in R 408.42646 and R 408.42648.
R 408.42646 Connectors Rescinded.
Rule 2646. (1) Each
connector shall be in compliance with all of the following provisions:
(a) Be protected in
accordance with R 408.42645(1) from fall hazards of more than 2 stories or 30
feet (9.1 m) above a lower level, whichever is less.
(b) Have completed
connector training in accordance with R 408.42655(2).
(c) Be provided, at
heights of more than 15 and up to 30 feet above a lower level, with a personal
fall arrest system, positioning device system, or fall restraint system and
wear the equipment necessary to be able to be tied off; or be provided with
other means of protection from fall hazards in accordance with R 408.42645(1).
R 408.42648 Controlled
decking zone (CDZ) Rescinded.
Rule 2648. (1) A
controlled decking zone may be established in that area of the structure of
more than 15 and up to 30 feet above a lower level where metal decking is
initially being installed and forms the leading edge of a work area. In each
CDZ, all of the following provisions shall apply:
(a) Each employee
working at the leading edge in a CDZ shall be protected from fall hazards of
more than 2 stories or 30 feet (9.1 m), whichever is less.
(b) Access to a CDZ
shall be limited to only those employees engaged in leading edge work.
(c) The boundaries of
a CDZ shall be designated and clearly marked. The CDZ shall not be more than 90
feet (27.4 m) wide and 90 (27.4 m) feet deep from any leading edge.
(d) The CDZ shall be
marked by the use of control lines or the equivalent. Examples of acceptable
procedures for demarcating CDZs can be found in appendix D.
(e) Each employee
working in a CDZ shall have completed CDZ training in accordance with R
408.42655(3).
Unsecured decking in a CDZ
shall not be more than 3,000 square feet (914.4
m2).
(f) Safety deck
attachments shall be performed in the CDZ from the leading edge
back to the control line
and shall have not less than 2 attachments for each metal decking panel.
(g) Final deck
attachments and installation of shear connectors shall not be performed in the
CDZ.
R 408.42651 Criteria for fall protection equipment; custody of fall protection Rescinded.
Rule 2651. (1) Guardrail
systems, safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems, positioning device
systems and their components shall conform to the criteria in Construction
Safety Standards Part 45. "Fall Protection," as
referenced in R 408.42602. (See
appendix G)
(2) Fall arrest system
components shall be used in fall restraint systems and shall conform to the
criteria in Construction Safety Standards Part 45. "Fall
Protection," as referenced in R 408.42602. (See appendix G) Either body belts or body
harnesses shall be used in fall restraint systems.
(3) Perimeter safety
cables shall meet the criteria for guardrail systems in Construction Safety
Standards Part 45 "Fall Protection," as referenced in R 408.42602. (See appendix G)
(4) Fall protection provided by the steel erector shall remain in the area where steel
erection activity
has been completed, to be used by other trades, only if the controlling
contractor or its authorized representative has done both of the following:
(a) Directed the steel erector
to leave the fall protection in place.
(b) Inspected and accepted control
and responsibility of the fall protection before authorizing persons other than
steel erectors to work in the area.
R 408.42653 Training Rescinded.
Rule 2653. (1) Training
personnel. Training required by this rule shall be provided by a qualified
person or persons.
(2) An employer shall
provide a training program for all employees exposed to fall hazards. The
program shall include training and instruction in all of the following areas:
(a) The recognition
and identification of fall hazards in the work area.
(b) The use and
operation of all of the following:
(i) Guardrail
systems, including perimeter safety cable systems.
(ii) Personal fall
arrest systems.
(iii) Positioning
device systems.
(iv) Fall restraint
systems.
(v) Safety net
systems.
(vi) Other
protection to be used.
(c) The correct
procedures for erecting, maintaining, disassembling, and inspecting the fall
protection systems to be used.
(d) The procedures to
be followed to prevent falls to lower levels and through or into holes and
openings in walking/working surfaces and walls.
(e) The fall
protection requirements of this part.
R 408.42655 Special training.
Rule 2655. (1) An employer shall ensure that each employee who performs multiple lift rigging has been provided training in both of the following areas:
(a) The nature of the hazards associated with multiple lifts.
(b) The proper procedures and equipment to perform multiple lifts required by R 408.42610.
(2) An employer shall ensure that each connector has been provided training in all of the following areas:
(a) The nature of the hazards associated with connecting.
(b) The establishment, access, proper connecting techniques, and work practices
required by R 408.42629(1)29 CFR 1926.756(c) and (2)
and R 408.4264629 CFR 1926.760(b).
(c) Specific training on personnel hoisting
as prescribed in Construction Safety Standards Part 28. “Personnel
Hoisting in Steel Erection," as referenced in
R 408.42602R
408.42601.
(3) Where CDZs are being used, an employer shall assure that each employee has been provided training in both of the following areas:
(a) The nature of the hazards associated with work within a controlled decking zone.
(b) The establishment, access, proper installation techniques, and work practices
required by R 408.42620, R 408.42622, R 408.42640, 29 CFR 1926.760(c)
and R 408.4264829 CFR 1926.754(e).